Convert numbers to Roman numerals and Roman numerals back to numbers, from 1 to 3,999, with a step-by-step breakdown.
Roman numeral symbols
| I | V | X | L | C | D | M |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 5 | 10 | 50 | 100 | 500 | 1,000 |
The rules
- Symbols are written from largest to smallest and added: VIII = 5 + 1 + 1 + 1 = 8.
- A smaller symbol before a larger one is subtracted. Only six pairs are used: IV (4), IX (9), XL (40), XC (90), CD (400) and CM (900).
- The same symbol is not repeated more than three times in a row, so 4 is IV, not IIII (although IIII appears on some clock faces).
Worked examples
- 2026 = 2000 (MM) + 20 (XX) + 6 (VI) = MMXXVI
- MCMXCIV = 1000 (M) + 900 (CM) + 90 (XC) + 4 (IV) = 1994
Where Roman numerals are used today
Clock faces, book chapters, movie copyright years, monarchs and popes (Elizabeth II), Super Bowl numbers, outlines and tattoos of special dates.
Frequently asked questions
Why does the converter stop at 3,999?
Standard Roman numerals have no symbol above M (1,000), and M can only repeat three times. Larger numbers historically used a bar over a symbol to multiply it by 1,000.
Is there a Roman numeral for zero?
No. The Roman system had no symbol for zero.
Related tools
Results are estimates for planning and education only. They are not financial, tax, legal or medical advice. Check important numbers with a qualified professional.